Farming transitioned from hand tools to machines. This included the cotton gin; among other innovations.  Farmers began cultivating larger areas with less labor. Farming shifted from family needs to marketing of cash crops. With the introduction of the railroads and canals, farmers could sell to wider, national markets. There was a massive migration away from farm work, with an amazing growth of 15 million people from 1880 to 1900 migrating away from rural areas to industrialized cities. Undesirable living conditions in industrialized cities grew out of the mass migration of the working class from rural farms to cities. There was overcrowded, tenement housing, lack of modern sewage systems, and contaminated, unclean…